Ancient Egypt
Elements of its Cultural History

  by Sjef Willockx

 
 


Comparing "M" with "H"


(where "M" stands for the mortuary complex of Mentuhotep II, and "H" for the adjacent mortuary temple of Hatsjepsut).

 

Here is an overview of the site of Deir el Bahri, on the western bank of the Nile just opposite of Luxor. This picture has been taken on the beginning of a footpath that leads from Deir el Bahri to the Valley of the Kings, just behind these imposing cliffs. On the horizon, you can see the pyramid shaped top of "The Peak", as the ancient Egyptians called it: the mountain that dominates the Valley of the Kings.
From where we stand, the path first bends to the right, then climbs back to the left, where it passes over the top of the cliffs right above the temples below.
The view is dominated by the remains of "H": the mortuary temple of queen Hatsjepsut (18th dynasty). Its three consecutive levels are connected by two impressive ramps. Barely visible on this picture is what’s left of "M": the mortuary complex of king Mentuhotep II (11th dynasty). To the left of "H", you see the more modest ramp that is part of this complex.

Here we have started to rise a bit on our way up. We now have a better view on "M" behind "H". From here, it would seem that Hatsjepsut copied Mentuhotep’s design on a much grander scale. This is however a false impression. It is neither a copy, nor on a grander scale.
"H" is just a mortuary temple: Hatsjepsut’s tomb is on the other side of the cliffs, in the Valley of the Kings. The ramps between the different levels are enlarged equivalents of the steps, that lead from one section to the next in virtually every ancient Egyptian temple.
"M" on the other hand is a "complete" mortuary complex, comparable with the pyramid complexes and the mastabas of the Old Kingdom. It combines a mortuary temple with a tomb. And as in some mastabas and pyramids, it includes tomb shafts for members of the family. And like a pyramid complex, it may have had a subsidiary tomb.

Here we are on top of the cliffs, right above the two complexes. On the left is "H", on the right "M".  
In the background, almost on the top edge of the photograph, you can see the border of the complex of "H", where the tourists now enter. But exactly on a straight line with this to the right lies the border of "M". And since "M" protrudes deeper in the face of the cliff, the distance from gate to cliff of "M" is longer then that of "H". Also, the domain of "M" is wider.
Where the forecourt of "H" is divided into two levels, it is one large area in "M". In "H", the extra ramp and the pillared galleries add more "monumentalization" to the complex – but in the case of "M", the vast, wide space, formerly planted with many trees *), must have had a grandeur all its own.
(On the other hand, the total quantity of dressed stone in "H" is larger.)

*) On the right side of the ramp of "M", you can see a series of circular depressions. These are the remains of planting holes for the trees that once stood here. On the more detailed version of this picture, you can also discern a few on the left of the ramp.
 

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